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Composition of Essential Oils and Ethanol Extracts of the Leaves of Lippia Species: Identification, Quantitation and Antioxidant Capacity Maria T.S. Trevisan, Ricardo A. Marques, Maria G.V. Silva, Dominique Scherer, Roswitha Haubner,Cornelia M. Ulrich 1 and Robert W. Owen Division of Preventive Oncology, National Center for Tumor Diseases, Im Neuenheimer Feld 460/German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 581, Heidelberg, Germany Departamento de Química Orgânica e Inorgânica, Universidade Federal do Ceará, CP 12200 60451-970 Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil Abstract: The principal components of essential oils, obtained by steam-hydrodistillation from the fresh leaves of five species of the genus Lippia, namely Lippia gracilis AV, Lippia sidoides Mart , Lippia alba carvoneifera, Lippia alba citralifera and Lippia alba myrceneifera and ethanol extracts , were evaluated. The greater antioxidant capacity (IC 50 = 980 µg/mL; p < 0.05), assessed by the HPLC-based hypoxanthine/xanthine oxidase assay, was determined in the essential oil obtained from Lippia alba carvoneifera, while the remainder were comparatively inactive (IC 50 > 2000 µg/mL). Major compounds in the oils were, thymol (Lippia sidoides Mart, 13.1 g/k), carvone (Lippia alba carvoneifera, 9.6 g/kg), geranial ( Lippia alba citraleifera, 4.61 g/kg; Lippiaalba myrceneifera, 1.6 g/kg), neral ( Lippia alba citraleifera, 3.4 g/kg; Lippia alba myrceneifera, 1.16 g/k), carvacrol (Lippia gracilis AV, 5.36 g/kg) and limonene (Lippia alba carvoneifera, 5.14 g/kg). Of these, carvone (IC 50 = 330 µM) along with thymol (1.88 units), and carvacrol (1.74) units, were highly active in the hypoxanthine/xanthine oxidase, and ORAC assays respectively. The following compounds namely I: calceolarioside E, II: acteoside, III: isoacteoside, IV: luteolin, V: 5,7,3´,4´-tetrahydroxy-3,6-dimethoxy flavone (spinacetin) , VI: naringenin, VII: apigenin, VIII: 6-methoxy apigenin (hispidulin), IX: 5,7,3´-trihydroxy-3,6,4´-trimethoxy flavone , X:5,7,4´-trihydroxy-3,6-dimethoxy flavone , XI: naringenin-4´-methyl ether, XII: 5,7-dihydroxy-3,6,4´-trimethoxy flavone (santin) , XIII:5,7-dihydroxy-6,4´-dimethoxy-flavone (pectolinaringenin) and XIV: 5-hydroxy-3,7,4´-trimethoxy flavone were identified in the ethanol extracts . Of the leaf ethanol extracts, strong antioxidant capacity was only evident in that of Lippia alba carvoneifera (IC 50 = 1.23 mg/mL). Overall, the data indicates that use of the leaves of Lippia species in food preparations, should be beneficial to health. Keywords: Antioxidant assays; carvone; HPLC; HPLC-ESI-MS; hypoxanthine; mass spectrometry; xanthine oxidase. © 2016 ACG Publications. All rights reserved.
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