Synthesis of pyrroles, pyrazoles, imidazoles, pyridines, pyrimidines and pyrazines using nanocatalysts

Review Article

JOURNAL 3624

Organic Communications
VOLUME & ISSUE
Available Online: November 11,2025
PAGES
p.1 - 15
DOI ADDRESS
http://doi.org/10.25135/acg.oc.201.2508.3624
(DOI number will be activated after the manuscript has been available in an issue.)
STATISTICS
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AUTHORS
  • Ensaf Sultan Alwan
  • Marwa S Gaman
  • Shubham Sharma
PDF OF ARTICLE

GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

ABSTRACT

Here, we outlined the synthesis of pyrroles, pyrazoles, imidazoles, pyridines, pyrimidines and pyrazines using nanocatalysts. For example, quinazolin-4(1H)-ones 49a-c were produced by the multicomponent reaction  between isatoic anhydride (48), various amines 3, substituted aldehydes 7 in water using Fe3O4 nanoparticles. These N-heterocyclic compounds are essential in pharmaceutical fields. Using nanocatalysts in this synthesis is very important because these catalysts lie under the green synthesis or sustainable synthesis that most researchers headed in recent years, due to nanocatalysts have a large surface area compared with their volume making a larger chance of reaction between the reactants. In addition, they reduce side reactions, improve selectivity, enhance recycling rates, and enable cleaner, faster, and less expensive reactions. Furthermore, they show self-recovery and excellent product yield.

 KEYWORDS
  • Heterocyclic
  • pyrroles
  • pyrazoles
  • pyrazines
  • nanocatalysts
  • green chemistry